{"id":808,"date":"2017-03-10T10:00:35","date_gmt":"2017-03-10T13:00:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zynphull.com\/?p=808"},"modified":"2020-08-08T01:10:00","modified_gmt":"2020-08-08T04:10:00","slug":"vehicles-braitenberg","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zynphull.com\/en\/2017\/03\/10\/vehicles-braitenberg\/","title":{"rendered":"Voc\u00ea n\u00e3o passa de um rob\u00f4"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"mb-0 pb-0\"><em>Book review<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-custom-size mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0 wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-size:60px\">Vehicles<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"has-custom-letterspacing mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0 wp-block-heading\" style=\"letter-spacing:-1px\"><em>Experiments in Synthetic Psychology<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px;line-height:3\" class=\"has-custom-size has-custom-lineheight mt-0 pt-0\">Valentino Braitenberg (1984)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Essa \u00e9 a primeira tradu\u00e7\u00e3o para o portugu\u00eas que fa\u00e7o de uma das minhas &#8216;an\u00e1lises&#8217; (na verdade, anota\u00e7\u00f5es pra o meu eu futuro se lembrar das rea\u00e7\u00f5es do meu eu passado) de livros que tenho lido relacionados \u00e0s minhas investiga\u00e7\u00f5es acad\u00eamicas<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_808_1('footnote_plugin_reference_808_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_808_1('footnote_plugin_reference_808_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_808_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_808_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Como gosto de chamar as pesquisas que invento sem ter quase nenhuma obriga\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_808_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_808_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> em ci\u00eancia cognitiva, pensamento sist\u00eamico, filosofia e outras coisas. As outras venho postando no meu <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/user\/show\/31857665-zynphull\">Goodreads<\/a>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/zynphull.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/collidbooks_covers_0isbn9780262521123type.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2010\" width=\"234\" height=\"357\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zynphull.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/collidbooks_covers_0isbn9780262521123type.jpg 312w, https:\/\/zynphull.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/collidbooks_covers_0isbn9780262521123type-197x300.jpg 197w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 234px) 100vw, 234px\" \/><figcaption>Capa da edi\u00e7\u00e3o original<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Como \u00e9 que comportamentos complexos, como aqueles observados em vertebrados e, \u00e9 claro, humanos, podem surgir a partir de elementos inanimados &#8220;simples&#8221; como el\u00e9trons, \u00e1tomos, mol\u00e9culas ou c\u00e9lulas? Como a evolu\u00e7\u00e3o deu origem \u00e0 consci\u00eancia? Essas s\u00e3o (pra mim) algumas das perguntas mais intrigantes e interessantes que as ci\u00eancias cognitivas, de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/24113.G_del__Escher__Bach_An_Eternal_Golden_Braid\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">G\u00f6del, Escher, Bach<\/a>&nbsp;a&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/zynphull.com\/en\/2017\/01\/18\/tree-knowledge\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Tree of Knowledge<\/a>,<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_808_1('footnote_plugin_reference_808_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_808_1('footnote_plugin_reference_808_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_808_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_808_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Respectivamente, de autoria de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/author\/show\/13882319.Douglas_Hofstadter\">Douglas Hofstadter<\/a>&nbsp;e de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/author\/show\/9811342.Humberto_Maturana\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Humberto Maturana<\/a>&nbsp;com&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/author\/show\/5350437.Francisco_Varela_G_\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Francisco Varela<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_808_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_808_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> tentam responder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A abordagem do neurocientista italiano Valentino Braitenberg a essa quest\u00e3o consiste em imaginar o que ele chama de &#8220;ve\u00edculos,&#8221;<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_808_1('footnote_plugin_reference_808_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_808_1('footnote_plugin_reference_808_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_808_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_808_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Braitenberg_vehicle\" target=\"_blank\">Esse artigo da Wikipedia em ingl\u00eas<\/a>&nbsp;explica com mais detalhe a ideia de Braitenberg, mas recomendo a leitura do livro todo, \u00e9 bastante acess\u00edvel. Caso se interesse e queira saber onde encontr\u00e1-lo, fale comigo :)<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_808_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_808_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> inicialmente objetos simples formados por sensores (para leitura de luz, subst\u00e2ncias qu\u00edmicas, etc.) conectados a motores que o fazem se mover r\u00e1pido ou devagar, em dire\u00e7\u00e3o a ou para longe de alguma coisa. Despretensiosamente, ele come\u00e7a a mostrar como mudan\u00e7as relativamente simples na fia\u00e7\u00e3o interna de tais ve\u00edculos leva a comportamentos imprevis\u00edveis, complexos e at\u00e9 &#8220;humanos.&#8221; Por exemplo, um sensor de luz (localizado do lado direito do ve\u00edculo), se conectado ao motor esquerdo faz seu lado esquerdo &#8220;andar mais r\u00e1pido&#8221; (e vice-versa), ent\u00e3o atraindo o ve\u00edculo para a luz. Um observador ing\u00eanuo poderia concluir que esse ve\u00edculo &#8220;gosta&#8221; de luz. Mas o que significa dizer que um&nbsp;<strong>objeto<\/strong> (ainda mais um claramente &#8220;inanimado&#8221;) &#8220;gosta&#8221; de algo?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/zynphull.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/dksdk.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-820\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:12px\" class=\"has-text-align-center has-custom-size mt-0 pt-0\"><em>&#8220;Ve\u00edculos 2a e 2b na proximidade de uma fonte (c\u00edrculo emanando raios). O ve\u00edculo 2b se orienta rumo \u00e0 fonte, e o 2a para longe dela.&#8221; Comportamento de &#8220;atra\u00e7\u00e3o&#8221; ou &#8220;repuls\u00e3o&#8221; devido \u00e0s liga\u00e7\u00f5es internas do ve\u00edculo, em figura retirada do livro (Braitenberg, 1984, p. 8).<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Um conceito-chave aqui \u00e9 a distin\u00e7\u00e3o entre uma abordagem&nbsp;<em>top-down<\/em> e uma&nbsp;<em>bottom-up<\/em> para a compreens\u00e3o de comportamento animal\/complexo. \u00c9 bastante mais dif\u00edcil, diz Braitenberg, entender o que se passa por tr\u00e1s do comportamento aparente de um animal atrav\u00e9s de observa\u00e7\u00f5es do comportamento (ou seja, por <em>indu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/em>) do que, e esta \u00e9 a proposta do livro todo, <em>deduzir<\/em>&nbsp;seu funcionamento (ou comportamento) a partir de seu mecanismo interno mais simples, brincando com sua estrutura, observando como mudan\u00e7as nela afetam seu comportamento externo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Eventualmente, Valentino introduz o conceito de evolu\u00e7\u00e3o Darwiniana a seus ve\u00edculos, o que inevitavelmente traz \u00e0 mente os <a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Algoritmo_gen%C3%A9tico\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">algoritmos gen\u00e9ticos<\/a>&nbsp;contempor\u00e2neos. A segunda parte do livro \u00e9 dedicada a uma compara\u00e7\u00e3o biol\u00f3gica dos ve\u00edculos com organismos reais, em que ele aplica ideias introduzidas na parte anterior e mostra de onde Valentino tirou suas ideias. A estrutura neurol\u00f3gica complexa vista em animais, ele demonstra, surge a partir de aprendizado, de <em>input&nbsp;<\/em>sensorial e, eventualmente, de &#8220;pensamentos&#8221; internos (ou ativa\u00e7\u00f5es neuronais). Esta segunda parte \u00e9 um tanto mais pesada na biologia, mas razoavelmente compreens\u00edvel para um leigo como eu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A consci\u00eancia (sugere ele, implicitamente), ent\u00e3o, surge n\u00e3o a partir de um &#8220;Deus&#8221; inexplic\u00e1vel e misterioso<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_808_1('footnote_plugin_reference_808_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_808_1('footnote_plugin_reference_808_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_808_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_808_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">O que n\u00e3o significa em absoluto que isso \u00e9 &#8220;prova&#8221; de que &#8220;Deus&#8221; n\u00e3o exista.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_808_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_808_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, n\u00e3o de magia, mas de necessidade biol\u00f3gica &#8211; de mudan\u00e7as em liga\u00e7\u00f5es neuronais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Afinal, como mais poderia ser?<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_808_1();\">Notas<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_808_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_808_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_808_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Notas<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_808_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_808_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_808_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8607;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Como gosto de chamar as pesquisas que invento sem ter quase nenhuma obriga\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_808_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_808_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_808_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8607;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Respectivamente, de autoria de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/author\/show\/13882319.Douglas_Hofstadter\">Douglas Hofstadter<\/a>&nbsp;e de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/author\/show\/9811342.Humberto_Maturana\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Humberto Maturana<\/a>&nbsp;com&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/author\/show\/5350437.Francisco_Varela_G_\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Francisco Varela<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_808_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_808_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_808_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8607;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Braitenberg_vehicle\" target=\"_blank\">Esse artigo da Wikipedia em ingl\u00eas<\/a>&nbsp;explica com mais detalhe a ideia de Braitenberg, mas recomendo a leitura do livro todo, \u00e9 bastante acess\u00edvel. Caso se interesse e queira saber onde encontr\u00e1-lo, fale comigo :)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_808_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_808_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_808_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8607;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">O que n\u00e3o significa em absoluto que isso \u00e9 &#8220;prova&#8221; de que &#8220;Deus&#8221; n\u00e3o exista.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_808_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_808_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_808_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_808_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_808_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_808_1').text('+'); 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